Carbon deposits are one thing, but the main contributor irrespective of the health of an engine, come from the bits that slide against one another (e.g. bearings) What happens is that these components rub off microscopic particles of metal from each other. This collects in the oil, causing it to go black. These particles are also the product of steady wear. If you're oil stays golden coloured after a service then I'd worry as it means that things like bearings, piston bores, cams etc aren't getting any lubrication.....